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Blog

  • Perfect proofreading: part two

    LAST WEEK I uploaded a post containing my first five tips for perfect proofreading. It really is possible to publish and print great content if you take the time to look for the most common errors. Here are my final five tips for achieving this.

    6 – Look for inconsistency. Have you used capital letters throughout your document, not just as the start of sentences? If so, have you used them consistently? Same goes for numbers. Do you use a mixture of numerals and words, ie. Ten or 10. What about bullet points? Have you used a mixture of numbers and blobs? It doesn’t matter what you choose, as long as you only use the one style throughout your document.

    7 – Punctuation. Are there full stops where they are needed? What about quotation marks, question marks, commas? The placing of a comma can change the meaning of a sentence, so be careful where you put them. Reading your document aloud can help you to work out where the emphasis of punctuation ought to be.

    8 – Have a break. If your document is long, you will tire of looking for mistakes and stop being able to spot them. Do it the next day if you have time.

    9 – Read your work backwards. This might seem odd, but reading from the end of the document to the beginning can help some people spot spelling errors more easily, because you’re not anticipating the word order or the flow of a sentence.

    10 – Ask someone else to read your document. If only for the sake of a second pair of eyes when you’re tired and on a deadline. We all have different strengths and abilities to spot errors. Someone good at maths might spot an error where you have used numbers. Some people have great awareness of space, and might spot an extra return or indent where there shouldn’t be one. Someone might be good with names, and able to spot an inconsistency, ie. Ann or Anne.

    And that’s really all there is to it! Best of all, if you take your time and check all the elements outlined above, you will eventually acquire the confidence you need to get things right every time.

  • Perfect proofreading: part one

    HAVE YOU EVER looked back at work you’ve done and wondered just how it ended up with so many mistakes in it? Do you always discover these errors when it’s too late, and you’ve already sent out your customer email or sent your leaflet to be printed 5,000 times? If this is the case, then you’ve come to the right place for some tips on improving your work. All it takes is a little time and patience. Here are our first five tips. A second part follows next week:

    1 – Print out your document on A4 paper. Include a 2cm margin all round, and in double line spacing. Use a font that is easy to read, and isn’t elaborate (such as this one, which is Arial). The idea is to make the page as plain and simple as possible for reading. Print in black.

    2 – Read through once without making any marks. You’re looking to make a mental note of any ‘red flags’ that come up as you read.

    3 – Choose a contrasting coloured pen to make your corrections. Mark it so that you can see clearly what you’re doing and will understand your marks when you come back to them later.

    4 – Go through your document line by line at a slowish pace. Pause at the end of each line. Does it make sense? If you need to read a line multiple times to understand it, it’s an indication that there is something amiss. Make a mark to come back to it later. This is not the time to rewrite that line.

    5 – It’s time to target spelling. Don’t rely on a built-in spell checker. For a start it may default to USA English, which has some marked differences to UK English. If a word strikes you as oddly spelt, look it up, using a hard copy or online dictionary. Is it the correct form of the word – ie. Too, to or two? See our other tips section online for help in this area.

  • Youth: my hope lies beyond the headlines

    THIS IS A blog post I attempted to post in January 2014, but the computer network crashed and it didn’t upload. I post it now, as I believe the general thrust of the argument I make still holds true in May. And there’s bound to be another news story around the corner than reinforces my message…

    JUST WHAT THE nation’s young people need to hear on only the second day of the year: news that a significant number of their peers thinks they ‘have nothing to live for’.

    Apparently, many young people – including those who are not out of work – are experiencing suicidal thoughts, anxiety attacks and some are even turning to anti-depressants in a bid to cope with the notion of the future. Although the unemployment rate has dropped to its lowest level in four years, the perception on the ground is not yet positive. If the study is to be believed (and I have no reason to doubt it) this is serious stuff indeed.

    The headlines, naturally, take the serious angle to heart. ‘One in 10 young British ‘have nothing to live for’ stated one online story. Young people ‘feel they have nothing to live for’ stated another.

    But let us take a slightly different view. The news comes on the back of the publication of a report responding to a YouGov poll taken on behalf of The Prince’s Trust Macquarie Youth Index. It spoke to a sample of 2,136 people aged 16-25 online last autumn. While this is statistically a significant number to warrant taking notice of, we must remember that all statistics are extrapolated, a point the report made clear according to the BBC’s coverage (with my bold emphasis):

    “The report found 9% of all respondents agreed with the statement: “I have nothing to live for” and said if 9% of all youngsters felt the same, it would equate to some 751,230 young people feeling they had nothing to live for.”

    One of the most important words here has got to be ‘if’. It is the word that gets lost amid the terrifying figures. It is the word that gets omitted when people fear for their future. It is the little word that anyone already feeling a bit blue might not see.

    This is not to say that we shouldn’t investigate the very real causes of youth unemployment and lack of opportunities where it is truly the case that there are scant vacancies or resources. We should always question the idea of cutting funding to areas such as Youth Services and libraries, where the majority of young people may turn for advice (especially if they are from a background which lacks support or guidance at home).

    But the thing we can do something about almost instantly is change how we report these situations, these statistics. The tendency is to focus on the negative as a mean of counteracting any political spin. Consequently I believe this results in a lack of journalism to counter the negativity where it matters most – in the minds of the people who are being written about.

    I remember being 16 myself, at the height of the early-90s recession. I was hopeful, I had plans. What I don’t remember is the headlines speaking to me, telling me that all hope was lost. If I read a negative story, I assumed the best, not the worst was to come. The proliferation of media today makes it harder to escape the constant round of data, opinion and information – it’s on tap, everywhere we go. You try switching it off, when it’s all you’ve ever known.

    I’m no dinosaur: I don’t think we can, or necessarily should, switch everything off and go back to the ways of the ‘old days’. But I do think we have to make greater effort to sift and question the way information is fed to us.

    That is not to let young people off the hook entirely. Their lives are in their hands. Once the stabilising wheels of childhood come off standing on your own two feet can mean one of two things: fear and uncertainty, or joy and liberation.

    Here are my suggestions for making the future count, even if you’re not sure what the future holds:

    1 – Question and challenge
    So you’ve read a story that shows young people in a collective negative light. Don’t just read it and shrug; react. Write a letter to the publication that posted or printed it. Outline your anecdotal evidence to prove that you are employed, or looking very hard for a job; that you study and have a plan. If you don’t have these things in place, then write to ask why that publication doesn’t give young people tips and resources that could help them as well as the negative news? Offer to become a case study if you can stomach the publicity (but guard your image with your life – don’t let them own your brand if you can help it!)

    2 – Get out there
    If you feel yourself responding to an article negatively, try to counteract that by doing something positive. Identify the element of that report which hurt you most and turn it around. Did the article accuse people like you of sitting around doing nothing? Then prove it wrong by getting a new hobby or interest. If you are out there, contributing to society at large and not just interacting with people your own age, people will take notice. How about doing some voluntary work? There’s nothing better for helping you look outside yourself for additional inspiration and a great perspective on the world.

    3 – Turn off the media
    Every now and then, it does us good to do something differently. I think this could/should include short periods (or longer if we can manage) where we actively disconnect ourselves from the digital world. Turn off your internet connection, turn off your phone. Pack the computer games console into the cupboard for an afternoon. Do or see something you wouldn’t normally do without your media attached – be that taking a walk, a bus ride, or doing some exercise. Anything at all! What do you notice about the world without this connection at your fingertips? Is it a scary thing? Don’t forget this is how everyone lived their lives almost totally 15+ years ago. Your parents, aunts, uncles and grandparents will remember this time with great affection! It is a great way to decompress and also to work out what your own thoughts and opinions are without interruption.

    Sources:
    http://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/jan/02/one-in-10-jobless-yougov-poll
    http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-25559089

     

     

  • Word play: envisaged or envisioned?

    What can of worms have I opened with use of ‘envisaged’ versus ‘envision’ I wonder? Probably a debate over whether it’s best to UK English or American English!

    That’s because ‘envisage’ and ‘envision’ technically mean the same thing: to visualise something or make a mental picture of it. A future possibility if you will.

    Your choice between these two transitive verbs depends largely on whether you prefer the UK English ‘envisage’ to the American ‘envision’ – or whether to have a preference would be frowned upon (for example, do you work in America, or are you writing a piece for an English university?).

    The danger with either word is that they should not be used in place of ‘expect’, to which they are closely related. ‘Expect’ can be used in a context where you are more certain of the outcome (ie, ‘the government is expected to report a lowering of interest rates’).

     

     

     

     

  • Why I’ve gone off newspapers, part two: balance

    IN THE MAINSTREAM media there seems to be a trend towards scaremongering for an optimum number of clicks or sales. You may recall my earlier blog about the power of emotive language to frighten and depress us in newspapers. This post builds on that notion with a specific case study: coverage of Brazil ahead of the World Cup there next month.

    Until recently, focus on Brazil has been largely economic and broadsheet: its place was in the list of rising nations with an economy outstripping our own. But of course, now that our young soccer princes are bound for the Cidade Maravilhosa, words have turned swiftly to fear.

    Whereas reports of Brazil’s economic and social difficulties would usually be restricted to the international pages, now they have moved up the news agenda. But the debate about Brazil doesn’t continue in the usual way.

    As the kick-off draws closer, watch carefully as media outlets slowly but surely try to have us consumed by thoughts of those nasty favelas (tightly packed working-class districts that sweep up many mountain sides) and recent cases of violence in the city that have absolutely nothing to do with the majority of residents (including the large numbers who live in favelas).

    One recent report suggested executives were ‘freaking out’ because the hotel the England squad is to stay in will be near a favela. Never mind that Rocinha, being the largest favela in all Brazil, is pretty much visible from any number of angles in Rio. Incidentally, it’s not actually around the corner to the England squad’s hotel at all – it’s a couple of miles away. But unless you’ve been to Rio, or have the presence of mind to Google map it for yourself, why would you doubt what you are reading?

    Will any newspapers be reporting the fact that the Royal Tulip Hotel is located on the beachfront at Sao Conrado, by Avenida Niemeyer – surely one of the most stunning coastal roads in the world? Turn your head in the opposite direction of the favela and you get a wonderful view of the crashing azure Atlantic Ocean. I wonder which side of the hotel their rooms will be on? Incidentally, the district in which the team will be training, called Urca, is a wonderful place. All the panic about traffic? I expect they’ll be helicoptered in!

    Now, a genuine threat to safety is not something to be sniffed at. Brazil is a developing nation, and the divide between the middle class and the poor is quite stark. But rather than a wholesale rendering of the city as a no-go wasteland, how about a bit of balance amid scary statistics about a rise in muggings, and genuinely terrifying headlines like ‘Don’t scream if mugged’?.

    Where are the plain-speaking articles on staying safe, with a rundown of the kind of places to go that welcome tourists? How about a football fans’ guide to etiquette? It may be too early to request such articles, but I seriously doubt many will publish this kind of thing when it’s much more lucrative to show images of someone hurling a Molotov cocktail at police during clashes in a poor district.

    Here are some more article ideas: How about an in-depth piece about the whole spectrum of life in Copacabana (a massive area by the way, and not just a beach for tourists to get mugged on). How about some cultural insight into the people, and information about why it might be a good idea to buy your beach snacks from some of the wandering vendors who spend all day peddling refreshments? I’ve not seen anything like this out there yet.

    I dread to think ahead to the reporting that will take place during the World Cup, when we will doubtless continue to be exposed to a very narrow measure of what Rio de Janeiro/Brazil is all about. They will report heavily when some football fans get drunk and wander into a slightly iffy neighbourhood without their wits about them and get mugged or worse. They will use this kind of outcome as a means to level criticism at the World Cup itself (perhaps a legitimate target if news about organisational failures are to be believed), but more damaging they will use it as an excuse to further demonise the people. What I’ve read so far is hugely insulting to the majority of the people living in the favelas, who are only interested in getting on with life and earning their wages like we are.

    For what it’s worth, I recently went to Rio, travelling on their bus network with the ordinary Cariocas. I went to the main tourist attractions as well as a number of off the beaten track locations. If you don’t flash your cash, dress to impress or cause a scene, you know what? The people of Rio won’t give a stuff who you are and will leave you well alone. If you happen to interact with them, they’ll likely be incredibly welcoming, as I found.

    There is always a place for genuine concern about the welfare of a nation and its people – serious problems are afoot in Brazil that shouldn’t be ignored, and we’d be crazy to close our eyes to that.

    However, my hunch is that our mainstream media will close its eyes to Brazil once the World Cup is over. Brazil will have served its purpose: to shift some column inches. To find out what happens next you’ll probably have to go back to the broadsheets’ international pages. But I can live in hope for another outcome.

  • Word play: Circumvented or circumnavigated?

    TWO WORDS THAT may get inadvertently mixed up are ‘circumvented’ and ‘circumnavigated’. Here is an example of misuse:

    ‘There was a business deal on the table with some tricky elements, but we managed to circumnavigate those to get what we wanted’.

    It is easy to see why the writer has chosen ‘circumnavigate’ by mistake instead of ‘circumvent’. Indeed, we still understand the intended meaning of the sentence.

    The tricky element here comes from the fact the two words (which are both transitive verbs) share a common prefix – circum.

    Circum- means round, or about, and comes via the Old French from Latin, to mean circle – hence, circus.

    ‘Circumvent’ would be the correct choice in the sentence above, as it means to find a way around a problem, especially by way of ingenuity, or using strategy to avoid an enemy. So, in the sentence we imagine ‘getting around’ the undesirable elements of a business deal to come out on top.

    ‘Circumnavigate’ on the other hand means to go around the earth, especially with reference to making a complete circuit of the globe. In the context of a business meeting? Nice work if you can get it!

     

  • Word blankness can last 25 years!

    IT’S QUITE COMMON, when you read ‘below the line’ comments on news media websites, to find a slew of criticism and contempt for the journalists (usually the sub editors), who have let slip a few typos and grammatical errors in their work.

    Of course, journalists ought to be committed to accuracy in their work, but it seems the public aren’t particularly forgiving of the fact that human error can easily creep in when you are revising many thousands of words a day to a tight deadline.

    No journalist who spots an error in their work after the fact is ever pleased about this! They are usually mortified, breaking out in a cold sweat at the thought someone may want to have a stern word with them at any moment. Because on the whole, the person responsible will genuinely not have been aware of the error they made at the time it occurred. Why? It’s a phenomenon I like to call word blankness.

    Word blankness (because word blindness is a recognised neurological condition) is a common affliction of people who handle vast volumes of words on a daily basis. This is where you see what you are expecting to read in a sentence, as opposed to what is actually there. Some people may rely on a computer spell-checker to help them out of these situations, and to a degree they are helpful. But what about the situations where you have used a word that can be spelt two ways, and you have used the wrong version? A spell-checker is not guaranteed to pick this up.

    I have to own up to a rather embarrassing example of word blankness, which has persisted for 25 years on the back of the pronunciation of a word I heard in a pop song! In 1988-89, as an avid fan of the singer Bobby Brown (please don’t judge), I sang merrily along to the lyrics of what I thought was ‘My perogative’. I read the sleeve notes on the album countless times. I have used the word in my everyday speech (though it is not, admittedly, one that comes up all the time). But until this year, I never had cause to write it down.

    So when I saw the spelling ‘prerogative’ in print, I was mystified. This must be wrong! Surely Bobby Brown never spelled it this way on his single or album cover? Ever the curious linguist, I looked it up in a dictionary.

    Lo, and behold, prerogative was the correct spelling. So, I thought – Bobby’s album cover is to blame for my error! Into the musty old vinyl storage cupboard I ventured, rummaging through the ancient cardboard sleeves until I arrived at the correct specimen.

    Oh dear. Bobby spelled prerogative correctly after all. It was me, hearing ‘perogative’ in his clippy, pop delivery that led me to believe this was the spelling. And I read it that way every time.

    So, what is the cure for word blankness? If there is one at all, it is to slow down. People are always in a hurry to meet a deadline, to get something published. And publishing quickly (from first draft, with no extra revisions) is all too easy in this digital age. But not taking the time to see something for how it really is presented can leave you feeling very silly indeed. Just as I do right now.

  • Spelling explained: adviser or advisor?

    One word that commonly causes spelling confusion is adviser. Or should that be advisor? Is one variant more common, or more correct, than the other? Let’s investigate…

    According to the New Penguin English Dictionary:

    “adviser or advisor, noun: somebody who gives advice, esp professionally in specialised field”

    Note that the spelling ‘adviser’ is listed first; this is usually an indication of the most common variant.

    Now take the example as featured in the Concise Oxford English Dictionary (9th ed). Oxford is somewhat firmer:

    “adviser, noun (also disp, advisor): a person who advises, esp one appointed to do so and regularly consulted”

    In this case, disp. is used to mean disputed. The anomaly prompts a second entry explaining usage:

    “The variant form advisor is fairly common but is considered incorrect by some people. Its spelling is probably influenced by the adjective advisory”

    Adviser, taken from the Old French root aviser or the Latin visare, make it the older, and therefore more trusted variant.

    However, there is anecdotal evidence the North American preferred advisor is becoming more common. A familiar sight in the windows of the UK’s cafes and restaurants is the ‘TripAdvisor’ travel recommendation website logo. This is a company with American origins, hence the advisor spelling. How long before this spelling catches on in an even bigger way?

    The adviser/advisor argument is a good example of our language in flux, reflecting the notion that it is a fluid beast that reacts to outside influence. So, as long as you stick to one or the other for consistency’s sake in your work, you can choose the spelling you prefer.

    For the record, my preference is adviser.

  • Why I’ve gone off Newspapers: Part One

    I CAN REMEMBER very clearly when I first decided I wanted to be a journalist. I was twelve, and overjoyed at the thought it might be possible to write for my local paper and get paid for it. Until then, I’d spent my rainy holidays composing my own ‘stories’ about fictitious school children and their pets. All through my teens and into university, the dream persisted and every decision I made was with the goal of becoming a writer in mind. I loved words and word play, and conjuring up imagery based on that which flowed from someone else’s pen. Whenever I was immersed in the world of words, it was very difficult to get me to respond to anything else.

    (more…)

  • GCSE results fiasco shows why these exams need an overhaul

    NOT FOR THE first time since the summer, GCSE grading has hit the headlines. After recording the first dip in results since the examinations were introduced in the late 80s, it emerged some exam boards took the decision to mark down English grades due to “significant overmarking” of certain elements of the course. This has greatly affected those pupils whose grades hover around the all-important C/D cusp where notions of triumph or failure are drawn into sharp focus. This success/failure dichotomy is what brings me to shine my blogging light on GCSE education.
    Headlines tend to focus on the notion that GCSEs are supposedly “getting easier”, a cliché that has been trotted out every year for the past 20 to the annoyance of those taking the exams. Bizarrely, despite the snide media commentary, national newspapers seem to have no problem at all focusing the rest of their attention on what can only be described as the nation’s “super-students” – those shiny, glossy pupils who seem to get 13 A* grades while also learning piano and horse-riding, without breaking so much as a sweat. And of course, because they don’t wish to come across as big-headed (who would?) these youngsters stress just how hard they have worked and how they didn’t expect to do so well. Ironically, their modesty does the rest few favours.
    In reality, the super-student makes up a pretty small proportion of each year’s GCSE pupils, but public perception is allowed to be skewed in their favour. Thus, the truly academic few are held up as the stick to beat all other students with. Since all schools in England and Wales are judged by their league tables, it is no surprise that the PR surrounding GCSE results homes in on the good schools and high achievers. The percentage of pupils getting A*-C grades is so powerful a measure, it can affect house prices and the standing of neighbourhoods.
    But take a closer look at the GCSE statistics: Of the 669,534 pupils who took GCSE English this summer, more than a third “failed” – 228,980 pupils achieved only D, E or F grades. In the other core subject, maths, the number was even higher, as 239,229 out of 675,789 scored D-F.  Is it me, or is that a lot of teenagers not making the grade?
    Although the official “fail” mark is the U for unclassified, D, E, F and G grades are so poorly-received that society allows them to be treated in the same way as an outright fail. Now, consider this year’s C/D grade fiasco over English paper marking and you’ll begin to understand the pressure pupils might be feeling. Combine this with the negative stereotyping of young people and a consistently gloomy outlook for the future economy, and any teenager could be forgiven for thinking they will be written off for life if they get a handful of lesser results. A Twitter request I put out to speak to pupils who got D grade or lower was met with a stony silence. And I understand why.
    People are quick to draw on a stereotype where bad grades are concerned. A glance at web forums in GCSE results week showed the public to be incredibly harsh about anyone not getting above a D. These pupils were invariably described as stupid, lazy and/or chavvy. No one seems to think they might have had a bad day, or despite trying hard just couldn’t ‘get’ a subject. I know people who did quite badly at GCSE level in the 90s, only to flourish at A Level and go on to university. It is conveniently forgotten that teenagers mature at different rates, just as young children do.
    In my view, the media, government and education authorities need to stop focusing on the few who do well – they are quite capable of taking care of themselves, and will succeed whether anyone bigs them up or not. Neither should those in charge condescend to suggest exams are somehow easier than they used to be – if things were this simple, forcing exam grades down by moving the goalposts would have been done years ago, and on the quiet. Or they would just have made the papers harder.
    No, where their attentions should be focused is on working out why the education system is failing more than a third of teenagers taking GCSEs, and finding ways to remedy this – structurally and ideologically. It seems pretty obvious that the GCSE is not fit for purpose for all pupils, and I doubt the vaunted E-Bacc will address the issues that really matter either.
    Expecting all young people to be academic is unrealistic, but it has become the only kind of intelligence that is revered. There are many more types of intelligence than academic – musical, spatial, cognitive to name but three. Allowing a society to develop which does not have a good balance of education in all areas of intelligence, leading to roles for all types of people, is surely a society doomed to fail?
    In this regard, the GCSE system itself deserves a D grade.
    Related stories: BBC – Pressurised teachers ‘marked GCSE too generously’ BBC – Pressurised teachers ‘marked GCSE too generously’